kg −1 with breath-by-breath metabolic analysis.Before and after the intervention, participants performed incremental cycle ergometer testing sessions consisting of two minute stages at 1, 2, 3, and 4 W The breathing exercises consisted of three sets of controlled hyperventilation and consecutive maximum breath holds. The control group did not perform any kind of breathing exercise. The experimental group performed breathing exercises every day (~20 min/day) for 4 weeks. The study was set in the transition period between competitive race seasons and both groups had a similar training program in terms of running volume and intensity over the course of the study. Participants were randomly divided into experimental ( n = 11) and control groups ( n = 8). (2) Methods: 19 adolescent (16.6 ± 1.53 years) middle- and long-distance runners (11 boys and 8 girls) participated in the study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a 4 week intervention based on the Wim Hof breathing method (WHBM) would improve breathing economy during exercise in adolescent runners. Poor breathing economy is mainly characterized by excessive breathing frequency (BF) and low tidal volume (V T) due to shallow breathing. (1) Background: Breathing economy during endurance sports plays a major role in performance.
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